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                           Molluscum contagiosum


What is Molluscum contagiosum?

Molluscum contagiosum virus, or MCV, is a highly contagious poxvirus that infects the skin and mucous membranes of infants, toddlers, school-aged children, teenagers, and immunocompromised individuals.

The infection spreads easily from child to child; more than 40% of infected children have an infected sibling and more than 30% report an infected friend.

While the infection typically resolves spontaneously, each molluscum lesion generally lasts for up to six months. New lesions stop appearing after a period of two to four years, as an immune response adequate to clear the infection slowly develops.

As many as one third of infected children experience unpleasant symptoms that can include itching, redness, and atopic dermatitis flares.

 

Who gets molluscum?

Molluscum contagiosum affects as many as 20% of all children worldwide.  A trend towards an increasing incidence in the United States has also been observed, particularly for genital infection.

The rate of infection peaks in the 2- to 11-year-old age group.

Most studies show an equal distribution between the sexes, but a slight female predominance has been noted in children older than 8 years.
 

Molluscum infections are more common in children with atopic dermatitis.

In immunocompromised youngsters, infection can be extensive and severe.




What does molluscum look like?

A child with a molluscum infection presents with many small (2-mm to 5-mm), "pearly," white or flesh-colored papules on the skin or, less commonly, mucous membranes.

The lesions are smooth and dome-shaped, and their most definitive characteristic is a dimple in the middle.  See Molluscum photo. 

Most children develop 11 to 20 papules over the course of infection, but there may be hundreds, especially if the child is immunocom promised.

Lesions are usually limited to the skin, appearing most commonly under the arms, inner arm, and  chest.  The trunk is an especially common site of infection in children under the age of 5.  Lesions on the extremities are more typical in children 5 years or older. The genital mucosa is not an uncommon site of disease in small children.



How does a child get Molluscum contagiosum?

Molluscum virus transmission can occur through close physical contact with another infected child and by spreading it themselves by scratching an itchy lesion, getting a viral particle under their fingernail, and then touching some other part of their body.

MCV spread is commonly associated with close-contact sports, like wrestling.  Self spread of the virus into the diaper region is the most common source of genital infection in children, but MCV can also be sexually transmitted.

Certain illnesses predispose children to extensive molluscum infection. These include atopic dermatitis and genetic or acquired immunodeficiency.



How is the diagnosis of MCV made?

The clinical appearance of the lesions is usually sufficient for diagnosis; however, if the diagnosis is uncertain, a special preparation can be performed on a scraping from one of the lesions.



What is the treatment for MCV?

Therapy to relieve itching such as antihistamines should be given if needed.

Eczematous symptoms should be treated in the same way as atopic dermatitis, with good skin care and gentle, fragrance-free emollients. When emollients fail to control the dermatitis, topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines can be used to relieve itching, allowing affected children to get an uninterrupted night’s sleep.

Corticosteroids should be the first line of prescription therapy for molluscum dermatitis. 

Note: the use of topical corticosteroids in reversing infections is not approved by the FDA, and that the efficacy of corticosteroids in molluscum infection has not been demonstrated in clinical trials.

Antibiotics are only necessary in molluscum cases in which a bacterial infection develops.

Therapies directed at getting rid of the molluscum infection are of three types: those that destroy the lesions directly, those aimed at enhancing immunity, and those that attack the virus.

Destruction of the lesions can be done by freezing, removal, or applying specific medications.

Most of the in-office destructive therapies are best performed by dermatologists experienced in their use.

If you suspect that your child has MCV, I recommend first having your pediatrician evaluate your child to confirm the diagnosis.


                       

                       

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